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Hilla University College Journal For Medical Science

Corresponding Author

Hajir Karim Abdul-Husseein

Authors ORCID

Hajir Karim Abdul-Husseein: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9454-2326

Document Type

Review

Keywords

Post-COVID headaches, Persistent headaches in children, Pediatric post-COVID, COVID-19 long-term effects

Abstract

This review focuses on the problem of the headache occurrence in children after COVID. Studies indicated that headaches and fatigue are common long-term symptoms in school-age children following COVID-19 infection. The prevalence of persistent post-COVID headaches in children varies between 5% and 25.4%, often lasting for at least 3 months. Exploration of potential pathophysiological mechanisms of post-COVID headaches in children includes the trigemino-vascular system, viral-induced inflammation, immune system dysregulation, and compromised cerebral blood flow. Age-related immune responses and the expression of receptors like ACE2 may also play a role in pediatric headache development. The features of post-COVID headaches in children encompass increased episode frequency, heightened levels of anxiety and depression, and the use of preventive medications. Headaches are commonly associated with additional symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disturbances, neurological issues, and concentration difficulties. The intensity and duration of these headaches can vary, with some children experiencing persistent symptoms for over 18 weeks. Comprehending the prevalence, duration, and underlying pathophysiology of post-COVID headaches in children is essential for formulating effective management and treatment approaches to enhance the well-being of this demographic. Possible causes of post-COVID headaches in children in relation to the trigemino-vascular system, inflammation initiated by the virus, as well as immune dysfunction and poor blood circulation to the head are also discussed. Age-related changes in immunity and the level of receptors, including ACE2, could also be the cause of headaches in children with COVID-19. Given the information about the incidence, length, and etiology of post-COVID headaches in children, the aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the persistent burden of post-COVID headaches in children to create strategies and approaches for improving the quality of life of those affected.

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